I tētahi ahiahi werawera o te raumati o te tau 2022, i tū ahau i roto i taku kīhini e whakahaeretia ana te āhuarangi, e mātakitaki ana i taku pūnaha osmosis whakamuri e purea ana te wai ki te 99.9% te parakore. I tino hou ahau, me te mea he whakakake. Kātahi ka mahara ahau ki tētahi kōrero i kōrerotia mai e tōku kuia: i taku tipu ake i te whenua tuawhenua o Haina, ka whakakīia e tōna whānau ngā kohua uku ki te wai awa, ka ringihia he ringa waro me ngā anga tio kua kuruhia, ka waiho kia tau mō te pō. I te ata, kua taea te inu.

I taua wā ka pā mai te whakaaro ki ahau: kāore i hangaia e tātou te hiahia mō te wai ma. Nā tātou noa i hanga te wai kia ahumahi. Mō ngā mano tau, kua purea e te tangata te wai, mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tino matatau mō tō rātou wā. Ā, i ētahi wā, kei te mau tonu ngā akoranga o aua tikanga tawhito mō tō tātou ao hangarau-rahi.

Ngā Tātari Wai Tuatahi: Waro me te Oneone

He māmā noa iho, he huatau, ā, he tino whai hua ngā tikanga purenga wai tawhito rawa atu. Kāore i hiahiatia he hiko, kāore i whakaputa para, ā, i whakamahia ngā rauemi he ngāwari ki te whakakī anō.

Waro: Te Tātari Waro Taketake

Ko te waro, i puta mai i te tahu rakau i roto i te taiao iti te hāora, kua whakamahia hei pure i te wai mō te iti rawa 4,000 tau. I kite ngā Īniana me ngā Ihipiana o mua he roa ake te hou o te wai mā te penapena i te wai ki roto i ngā oko rakau kua wera.

Kāore rātou i mārama ki te pūtaiao, engari i mātakitaki rātou i te pānga. I ēnei rā e mōhio ana tātou ka mimiti te waro whakahohe i ngā poke mā te tukanga e kiia nei ko te mimiti ā-tinana, e piri ai ngā ngota ki te mata whānui, pūwero o te waro. Ko te mata o te kotahi karamu o te waro whakahohe o ēnei rā he neke atu i te 3,000 mita pūrua. Ahakoa kāore i tino pai te whakamahine o te waro tawhito, i mahi i runga i te kaupapa kotahi.

Ngā mea kāore i mōhiotia e rātou: Kāore rātou i mōhio mō ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, ngā matū wairewa rānei. I mōhio noa rātou he reka ake te wai e rongoatia ana ki te waro, ā, kāore e tere te pirau. I tangohia e rātou ngā haunga kakara, i whakapai ake hoki i te reka, pērā i ā tātou tātari waro o ēnei rā.

Onepu me te Kirikiri: Te Tātari Paramu Taketake

E whakaatu ana ngā whakairo o Īhipa mai i te tau 1500 BCE i te wai e tātarihia ana mā te onepu me te kirikiri. I hangaia e ngā Rōmana he puna wai whakatō, mā te whakamahi i ngā paparanga onepu me te kirikiri hei tango i ngā paru i mua i te urunga o te wai ki roto i ā rātou awaawa. I Īnia, i whakaahuahia e te Sushruta Samhita, he tuhinga hauora nō te rautau 6 BCE, te wai kohua me te tātari i roto i te onepu me te waro.

Ngā mea kāore i mōhiotia e rātou: Ko te mahi a te tātari onepu mā te mauhere ā-tinana me te mahi koiora. Ko te kiriata koiora e hanga ana i runga i ngā kirikiri onepu ka keri i ētahi poke rauropi. Kei te whakamahia tonutia i roto i te maimoatanga wai ā-tāone i ēnei rā.

Te Huringa Kohua

E 5,000 tau pea te roa o te mahi kohua wai, engari kāore te ao tawhito i mārama ki te koiora moroiti. I kohuatia te wai kia "māmā ake" ai, kia tangohia ai rānei ngā "wai kino", kaua hei patu i ngā mate pāwera.

Nō te tau 1854 rawa ka kitea e te rata Piritana ko John Snow te wai poke hei pūtake o te pakarutanga o te korara i Rānana. He wā nui tēnei i roto i te hauora tūmatanui. I puta ohorere mai he kaupapa pūtaiao mārama mō te kohua: te patu i ngā huakita.

Engari he iti noa iho ngā herenga o te kohua. Kāore e tangohia tetahi mea: kāore he kohuke, kāore he konganuku taumaha, kāore he poke matū. He mahi tinihanga noa iho. I tiakina ō tātou tūpuna mai i ngā mate urutā, engari i inu tonu rātou i te wai ka kī tonu i te āheniki, te mata, te wai rere rānei o te ahuwhenua. Kāore rātou i te mōhio.

Ngā Kaiwaiata me te Kōhatu a ngā Tohunga Whakaaro

I waenganui i te hinganga o Rōma me te Renaissance, i whakamātau ngā tohunga alkimia Pākehā i te purenga wai hei wāhanga o tā rātou rapunga mō te "kōhatu a te tohunga whakaaro" me te "waiora o te ora". I whakapūtāhia e rātou te wai, i whakakōpirihia te mamaoa, ā, i hangaia he taputapu e tino rite ana ki ngā taputapu whakapūtā hou.

Te Whakatōtō: Mā te whakamahana i te wai hei mamaoa, me te whakapūmau anō hei wai, ka tangohia tata ngā mea katoa—ngā kohuke, ngā matū, ngā huakita. I mōhio ngā Kariki onamata ki te whakatōtō, engari ko ngā tohunga matū Arapi i whakamahine. I te rautau 8, i whakaahua a Jabir ibn Hayyan i ngā tikanga whakatōtō mō ngā hinu kakara me ngā rongoā, me te kī he tino parakore te wai whakatōtō.

Engari he puhoi te whakapūngao, he nui te pūngao, ā, kāore i te whai hua mō ngā whare. Mō ngā rautau, he mea whakamīharo tonu tēnei i roto i te taiwhanga.

Te Kitenga Nui: Te Ora Makariri

I te rautau 17 i kawea mai ai te karuārai, me te whakakitenga hohonu anō hoki. I titiro a Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, he kaipūtaiao Hōrana, ki te wai ua mā roto i āna karāhe i hangaia i te kāinga, ā, ka kite ia i tētahi ao kī tonu i ngā mea hanga ririki. Kāore ia i mōhio he huakita rātou, engari i mōhio ia kei te ora rātou.

Nā tēnei kitenga i huri te kōrero: ehara te wai i te mea he matū noa iho; he kāinga noho. He tautohenga tonu te whakaaro ko te inu wai he kawe mate—kāore i tino whakaaetia te ariā ira tangata mō te mate tae noa ki te mutunga o te rautau 19—engari i whakatōkia te whakapae.

Te Ao Hou: Ka huri te Tātari hei Ahumahi

Ko te rautau 19 te wā o te maimoatanga wai ahumahi. I hangaia e Rānana ngā tātari onepu nunui. I tāpirihia e Parī ngā matū whakapūmau (ngā matū ki ngā matūriki pupuhi). I tīmata te mahi a te tipu whakapūmau wai tuatahi o te ao i te tau 1908 i te United States.

Te kitenga tūpono: Tata tonu te tūponotanga o te whakakōkōwai. I mōhiotia ka patua e te kōkōwai ngā huakita, engari kāore anō kia whakamātauhia e tetahi i roto i te nui. I te tau 1908, i tīmata tētahi kamupene wai o New Jersey, i te hiahia nui ki te whakahaere i te pakarutanga o te taipoi, ki te tāpiri i te wai mā ki te wai. I angitu. I te tau 1920, kua horapa te whakakōkōwai, ā, kua tino heke ngā mate wai.

Engari he utu anō tō te whakakōroira. Ko te matū kotahi i patu i ngā huakita i hanga anō hoki i ngā hua patu huakita (DBP), tae atu ki ngā trihalomethanes (THM), e whakapaetia ana he carcinogens. I ēnei rā, ka whakatauritehia e te maimoatanga wai ā-tāone te hiahia mō te patu huakita me te mōrearea o ngā DBP. He taupatupatu tonu tēnei.

Te Paradox o te Ahunga Whakamua

Anei te mea whakamiharo ki ahau: ahakoa te māmā o ngā tikanga a ō tātou tūpuna, i aro atu rātou ki ngā raruraru maha e pā ana ki a tātou i ēnei rā.

Kāore mātou i tino whakarerekē i te huinga otinga. Kua hanga noa e mātou ngā taputapu kia whai hua ake, kia watea ake, kia aunoa ake hoki.

Ngā Tikanga Tawhito i Tika (E Warewaretia Ana e Tātou i Ētahi Wā)

1. Te whakaaro nui o te mātakitaki: Kāore i ngā iwi o mua he taputapu pūtaiao, engari i aro nui rātou ki ngā putanga. Ko tā rātou tikanga whakahaere kounga ko "Ko te wai reka kāore e whakamāuiui i a tātou". I ētahi wā ka ngaro tēnei whakaaro nui i a tātou. Ka whakawhirinaki katoa tātou ki tā tātou mita TDS, ahakoa kei te kī mai ō tātou kare ā-roto kei te hē tetahi mea.

2. Te māmā me te ngāwari ki te whakatika: Ka taea te whakakapi i ngā kohua uku. Ka taea te kohikohi waro. Ka taea te horoi i te onepu. Ko ngā pūnaha horoi wai tawhito he mea ā-rohe, he mea whakatika, ā, kāore i hiahiatia he wāhanga motuhake. Kua whakawhitiwhitihia e mātou te ngāwari ki te whakatika mō te ngāwari, ā, ka mutu ko ngā pūnaha ka makahia atu ina pakaru te wāhanga $10.

3. Kore para: Ko ngā hua o te purenga tawhito ko te paru kua tau (ka taea te whakamahi hei tongi) me te waro kua pau (ka taea te tanu, te whakakōmipi rānei). Ka whakaputahia e ngā pūnaha RO hou ngā wai para me ngā kātere tātari kirihou e mau tonu ana i roto i ngā whenua ururua mō ngā rautau.

4. Te uara o te manawanui: I roa te wā i pau i ngā tikanga tawhito. I tau te wai i te pō kotahi. He puhoi te tukanga tātari onepu. I hiahiatia he wahie hei kohua. Kua arotauhia e mātou kia tere, i ētahi wā ka whakaitihia te tino mahi.

Ngā Mea Kua Akohia e Tātou (Kāore i Taea e Rātou te Mōhio)

1. Te ao ngaro: Ngā huakita, ngā huaketo, ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā VOC, ngā PFAS, ngā rongoā. Kāore e kitea ēnei poke e te kanohi tahanga. I roto anō i te wai onamata ēnei poke, engari kāore te ao onamata i mōhio. Mā te pūtaiao tātou e homai he pikitia whānui ake.

2. Te matū o te wai: E mārama ana mātou ki te pH, te pakeketanga, te kawakore, me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā kohuke me ngā poke. Ka taea e mātou te aro atu ki ngā raruraru motuhake mā roto i ngā hangarau motuhake.

3. Te rahinga o te parahanga: Kāore i te kitea i ngā wā onamata te parahanga ahumahi, te rerenga wai ahuwhenua, me ngā kirihou moroiti. Kua parahangahia tō tātou wai i ngā huarahi kāore i taea e te tangata te whakaaro i ngā tau 200 ki muri. Me whai tātou i ngā taputapu matatau kua whakawhanakehia e tātou.

4. Te hiranga o te whakamātautau: He whakaaro noa iho ngā tikanga tawhito. Ka taea e tātou te whakamātautau i tō tātou wai, te mōhio tika ki ngā mea kei roto, me te whiriwhiri i te otinga tika.

Te Hanganga: Te Whakahonore i te Tawhito, Te Awhi i te Hou

Kāore au e whakaaro kia whakarērea tō pūnaha RO mō te kohua uku. Mā te horoi wai hou ka ora ai. Engari ki taku whakaaro ka taea e tātou te ako i tētahi mea mai i ngā mātauranga tawhito.

Kia tūpato ki ōu kare ā-roto. Ki te kino te reka o te wai, he tohu kei te ngana ki te kōrero i tētahi mea ki a koe. Kaua e whakakorekore.

Whakangāwaritia ina taea. Mena he haumaru te wai o tō rohe, ā, me whakapai ake noa i te reka, he nui noa iho te tātari waro. Kāore koe e hiahia ki tētahi pūnaha tekau mā whā ngā wāhanga.

Whakaarohia te roa o te ora me te ngāwari o te whakatika. Kōwhiria he pūnaha he wāhanga paerewa, ka taea te whakakapi. Āta karohia ngā kātereti motuhake e here ana i a koe ki te kaihanga kotahi.

Whakaitihia te para. Whakamahia anō ō tātari mēnā ka taea. Whakatakotoria he wairākau ki roto i te wairākau kua pau. Mā ia mahi iti ka whakaitihia te taumahatanga ki ngā whenua ururua.

Kia manawanui. He roa te wā e hiahiatia ana hei tātari. Kaua e akiaki i tō pūnaha ki tua atu i tōna kaha.

Te Kawa o te Ata

I ia ata, ka ringihia e au he karāhe wai mai i taku pūnaha RO. He tikanga iti noa iho: he karāhe mārama, he wai matao, he wā whakawhetai. Ka whakaaro ahau ki te haerenga kua mahia e te wai—mā roto i ngā puna wai tawhito, mā roto i ngā tipu maimoatanga ā-tāone, mā roto i taku ake pūnaha. Ka whakaaro ahau ki ngā miriona tāngata, puta noa i ngā mano tau, kua rapu i te mea kotahi: he wai haumaru hei inu.

Kua rerekē te hangarau. Kāore te hiahia.

Nā te kohua uku a tōku kuia ahau i ako i tētahi mea kāore i taea e taku pūnaha RO: he tika tangata te wai mā, he matea tangata, he whakatutukitanga tangata hoki. Kua roa mātou e mahi ana i tēnei mea. Ā, kei te mahi tonu mātou.